Below is an export of my Endnote file of resources used in my study of online responsiveness, online silence . This is work in progress.

Contains 243 resources. Last updated: March 21, 2006.

Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 22
Author: Abbott, K.C.; Mann, S.; DeWitt, D.; Youngblood Sales, L.; Kennedy, S.; Poropatich, R.K.
Year: 2002
Title: Physician-to-physician consultation via electronic mail: The Walter Reed Army Medical Center ask a doc system
Journal: Military Medicine
Volume: 167
Issue: 3
Pages: 200-204
Date: 2002///
Abstract: Introduction: Physician-to-physician consultation and discussion have traditionally been conducted by telephone, paper, and "curbside" (face to face meetings). The implementation and use of physician-to-physician consultation via electronic mail in a military health care system has not been reported previously. Methods: The group mail function of the Composite Health Care System, the main outpatient medical automation system for the Department of Defense, was modified to create mailgroups for every specialty of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center to facilitate ease of physician-to-physician consultation. This modification was called the "Ask a Doc" system. The system was deployed to a 21-state health care network among triservice participants. Results: There were 3,121 consultations logged from April 22, 1998, to December 31, 2000. Growth in use expanded initially and was sustained during a 3-year period. Average response time to consultations was less than 1 day (11.93 hours). Additional training and maintenance requirements were minimal. In general, the use of electronic consultation mirrored that of clinical practice. Most specialty consultations involved the disciplines of internal medicine. Conclusions: Use of the Ask a Doc system was representative of total clinical workload and increased access to specialty medical care over a wide geographic area. The distribution of use indicated that user statistics were legitimate, and quality improvement programs could easily troubleshoot the system. Ask a Doc was inserted into a regional health care network with minimal cost to support and implement and was sustained with very little effort for 3 years. Barriers to even wider use currently include lack of secure communications and the difficulty in assigning workload credit for electronic consultations.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 2, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Electronic Source
Record Number: 192
Author: Adamic, Lada A.
Year: 2005
Title: Zipf, Power-laws, and Pareto - a ranking tutorial
Producer: Information Dynamics Lab, HP Labs
Access Year: 2005
Access Date: August 7
Abstract: Many man made and naturally occurring phenomena, including city sizes, incomes, word frequencies, and earthquake magnitudes, are distributed according to a power-law distribution. A power-law implies that small occurrences are extremely common, whereas large instances are extremely rare. This regularity or 'law' is sometimes also referred to as Zipf and sometimes Pareto. To add to the confusion, the laws alternately refer to ranked and unranked distributions. Here we show that all three terms, Zipf, power-law, and Pareto, can refer to the same thing, and how to easily move from the ranked to the unranked distributions and relate their exponents
URL: http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/ranking/ranking.html


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 198
Author: Alexander, Cheryl S.; Becker, Henry Jay
Year: 1978
Title: The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research
Journal: Public Opinion Quarterly
Issue: 42
Pages: 93-104
Abstract: The use of vignettes-systematically elaborated descriptions of concrete situations-is supported as a means of producing more valid and more reliable measures of respondent opinion than the "simpler" abstract questions more typical of opinion surveys. The fractional replication experimental design described here enables a wide range of situation characteristics to be included and varied in the presentations made to various respondents while minimizing the number of different vignette versions requided for the research instrument. Results from a study of police and nurse reactions to crime victims are shown as an example of this technique.


Reference Type: Electronic Source
Record Number: 266
Author: Alger, David
Year: 2002
Title: E-mail customer support response time improves
Producer: Cyber India Online Ltd
Access Year: 2006
Access Date: February 15
Abstract: E-mail customer support response times continued to improve during the first quarter of 2002, says a survey report by Giga Information Group. The survey of 50 leading B2C retail sites revealed that the improvement in support time responses was greatest in the better-performing companies.
URL: http://www.ciol.com/content/search/showarticle1.asp?artid=35632


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 201
Author: Alves, Wayne M.; Rossi, Peter H.
Year: 1978
Title: Who Should Get What? Fairness Judgments of the Distribution of Earnings
Journal: The American Journal of Sociology
Volume: 84
Issue: 3
Pages: 541-564
Abstract: Previous traditions of distributive-justice research assume the existence of a normative structure for making judgments about fairness of allocations of social goods, such as earnings. Does a consensual normative framework for judging the fairness of distributions of earnings exist in the U.S. population? What principles underlie popular judgments concerning earnings distributions? Data indicate both that judgments of earnings fairness are not idiosyncratic and that they involve individual and group differences related to considerations of merit and need. Some tolerance for variation in earnings among house-holds is noted, and the same factors accounting for earnings-fairness judgments justify earnings considered fair. Considerable agreement exists concerning what principles are relevant to earnings-fairness judgments, while disagreement concerning how to apply these standards in practice is admitted. Apparently the standards for earnings judgments derive both from conceptions of the empirical distribution of earnings and from underlying values concerning what is fair and just.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 33
Author: Angus, V.C.; Entwistle, V.A.; Emslie, M.J.; Andrew, J.E.; Walker, K.A.
Year: 2003
Title: The requirement for prior consent to participate on survey response rates: A population-based survey in Grampian
Journal: BMC Health Services Research
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-10
Date: 2003///
Abstract: Background: A survey was carried out in the Grampian region of Scotland with a random sample of 10,000 adults registered with a General Practitioner in Grampian. The study complied with new legislation requiring a two-stage approach to identify and recruit participants, and examined the implications of this for response rates, non-response bias and speed of response. Methods: A two-stage survey was carried out consistent with new confidentiality guidelines. Individuals were contacted by post and asked by the Director of Public Health to consent to receive a postal or electronic questionnaire about communicating their views to the NHS. Those who consented were then sent questionnaires. Response rates at both stages were measured. Results: 25% of people returned signed consent forms and were invited to complete questionnaires. Respondents at the consent stage were more likely to be female (odds ratio (OR) response rate of women compared to men = 1.5, 95% CI 1.4, 1.7), less likely to live in deprived postal areas (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.45, 0.78) and more likely to be older (OR for people born in 1930-39 compared to people born in 1970-79 = 2.82, 95% CI 2.36, 3.37). 80% of people who were invited to complete questionnaires returned them. Response rates were higher among older age groups. The overall response rate to the survey was 20%, relative to the original number approached for consent (1951/10000). Conclusion: The requirement of a separate, prior consent stage may significantly reduce overall survey response rates and necessitate the use of substantially larger initial samples for population surveys. It may also exacerbate non-response bias with respect to demographic variables.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 2, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 193
Author: Aragon, Steven R
Year: 2003
Title: Creating social presence in online environments
Journal: New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education
Volume: 2003
Issue: 100
Pages: 57-68
Alternate Journal: New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education
Abstract: Recent literature has shown that social presence is one of the most significant factors in improvinginstructional effectiveness and building a sense of community. This chapter examines strategies for creating socialpresence within online environments.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.119
Author Address: Department of Human Resource Education, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 205
Author: Ballard, D.I.; Seibold, D.R.
Year: 2004
Title: Organizational Members' Communication and Temporal Experience: Scale Development and Validation
Journal: Communication Research
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 135-172
Date: 2004///
Keywords: Chronemics
Groups
Organizations
Scale
Temporality
Time
Abstract: This article reports the findings of scale development and validation efforts centered on 10 dimensions of organizational members' temporal experience identified in previous research. Consistent with a community-of-practice perspective, 395 members of five organizational units indicated their agreement with a series of statements regarding the day-to-day words and phrases they use to describe their activities, work-related events, and general timing needs. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the hypothesized enactments of time and construals of time. Organizational members' enactments of time included dimensions relating to flexibility, linearity, pace, precision, scheduling, and separation, and their construals of time included dimensions concerning scarcity, urgency, present time perspective, and future time perspective. A new dimension, delay, was found. Implications for pluri-temporalism in organizations and the study of time in communication are discussed.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 1, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 212
Author: Baron, N.S.
Year: 1998
Title: Letters by phone or speech by other means: The linguistics of email
Journal: Language and Communication
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 133-170
Date: 1998///
Keywords: Computer mediated communication
Language change
Writing
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 23, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 224
Author: Baron, N.S.
Year: 2002
Title: Who sets e-mail style? Prescriptivism, coping strategies, and democratizing communication access
Journal: Information Society
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 403-413
Date: 2002///
Keywords: Democratization
e-mail
Etiquette
Letter writing
Prescriptivism
Style
Telegraph
Telephone
Abstract: Stylistic practices in e-mail reflect an amalgam of social presuppositions about usage conventions and individual strategies for handling a new language medium. To understand how contemporary e-mail patterns have been forged and where they might be heading, this study examines the ways in which newly enfranchised language users in the past have balanced externally generated prescriptions for linguistic style with user-generated coping strategies in constructing spoken and written messages. Popular letter writing, the early telegraph, and early telephone behavior offer useful precedents for thinking about both e-mail messages themselves and the potential effects of language technology on broader language change.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 3, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 204
Author: Baron, N.S.
Year: 2004
Title: See you online: Gender issues in college student use of instant messaging
Journal: Journal of Language and Social Psychology
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 397-423
Date: 2004///
Keywords: Computer-mediated communication
Gender
IM
Instant messaging
Abstract: Instant Messaging (IM) is becoming a mainstay for online one-to-one communication. Although IM is popularly described as a written version of informal speech, little empirical investigation of the linguistic nature of IM exists. Moreover, although gender issues are being addressed for one-to-many forms of computer-mediated communication, we have no comparable studies of IM. This article offers a linguistic profile of American college student IM conversations. In addition to analyzing conversational scaffolding and lexical issues, the article identifies gender divergences in IM usage. Some differences reflect commonly reported functional gender distinctions in face-to-face spoken conversation; other differences indicate gender-based attitudes toward the importance of language standards in speech and writing.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 1, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Book Section
Record Number: 327
Author: Baron, Naomi S
Year: in press
Title: Adjusting the Volume: The Impact of Technology and Multitasking on Discourse Control
Editor: Katz, Jame E.
Book Title: Mobile Communication and Social Change in a Global Context
Publisher: MIT Press
Abstract: Landline telephones, email, instant messaging (IM), and mobile phones are increasingly enabling
users to control the spoken or written access we have to other people or that they have to us.
Using the organizing metaphor of differentially “adjusting the volume” on individual linguistic
interactions, this chapter explores the ways in which in-place and mobile information and
communication technologies are employed to increase, avoid, or manipulate conversation.
In addition to exploiting these technologies to control social exchange, language users further
maneuver the terms of discourse through multitasking behavior. Drawing upon the results of a
study of American college-student multitasking while engaging in IM conversations, we examine
the interaction between multitasking and “volume control” in discourse that is mediated by
technology. The chapter concludes by considering potential social consequences of increasingly
empowering individuals through technology to manage the terms of linguistic engagement.
URL: http://www.american.edu/tesol/Baron-Final%20Version-Adjusting%20the%20Volume.pdf


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 20
Author: Barron, G.; Yechiam, E.
Year: 2002
Title: Private e-mail requests and the diffusion of responsibility
Journal: Computers in Human Behavior
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 507-520
Date: 2002///
Keywords: Cueing
Diffusion
Dilemma
E-mail
Helping
Responsibility
Social
Abstract: E-mail technology provides a way of requesting information or assistance from multiple sources by simultaneously addressing a letter to more than one recipient. Models of prosocial behavior taken from social psychology and economics suggest that the probability of receiving a helpful response is an inverse function of the number of simultaneous addressees. An experiment is presented which examines this prediction in the context of an e-mail request for information. The results show that there are more responses to e-mails addressed to a single recipient, that these responses are more helpful, and that they are lengthier. Response rates and measures of helpfulness were found to be independent of explicit information pertaining to the ability of other recipients to provide assistance. Implications of the results for the application of social cueing theory to e-mail communication and direct marketing are discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 1, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 250
Author: Baumeister, R.F.; Ciarocco, N.J.; Sommer, K.L.
Year: 2001
Title: Ostracism and ego depletion: The strains of silence
Journal: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Volume: 27
Issue: 9
Pages: 1156-1163
Date: 2001///
Abstract: Two studies examined whether ostracizing someone depletes psychological resources in the ostracizer. In Study 1, people who followed instructions to avoid conversation with a confederate for 3 minutes later showed decrements in persistence on unsolvable problems. In Study 2, ostracizers showed subsequent impairments in physical stamina on a handgrip task. Although ostracism affected mood too, mood did not appear to mediate the main findings. Past work has shown that ostracism has negative consequences for the victim, but the present results indicate that ostracism has a harmful impact on the ostracizer too.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 3, Export Date: 14 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 217
Author: Baumeister, R.F.; Stillwell, A.; Wotman, S.R.
Year: 1990
Title: Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives about anger.
Journal: Journal of personality and social psychology
Volume: 59
Issue: 5
Pages: 994-1005
Date: 1990///
Abstract: Subjects furnished autobiographical accounts of being angered (victim narratives) and of angering someone else (perpetrator narratives). The provoking behavior was generally portrayed by the perpetrator as meaningful and comprehensible, whereas the victim tended to depict it as arbitrary, gratuitous, or incomprehensible. Victim accounts portrayed the incident in a long-term context that carried lasting implications, especially of continuing harm, loss, and grievance. Perpetrator accounts tended to cast the incident as a closed, isolated incident that did not have lasting implications. Several findings fit a hypothesis that interpersonal conflicts may arise when a victim initially stifles anger and then finally responds to an accumulated series of provocations, whereas the perpetrator perceives only the single incident and regards the angry response as an unjustified overreaction. Victim and perpetrator roles are associated with different subjective interpretations.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 87, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 76
Author: Begole, J.; Tang, J.C.; Smith, R.B.; Yankelovich, N.
Year: 2002
Title: Work rhythms: Analyzing visualizations of awareness histories of distributed groups
Journal: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Pages: 334-343
Date: 2002///
Keywords: Awareness
CSCW
Group calendaring
Instant messaging (IM)
Presence
Sociology of time
Work rhythms
Abstract: We examined records of minute-by-minute computer activity coupled with information about the location of the activity, online calendar appointments, and e-mail activity. We present a number of visualizations of the data that exhibit meaningful patterns in users' activities. We demonstrate how the patterns vary between individuals and within individuals according to time of day, location, and day of the week. Some patterns augment the schedule information found in people's online calendars. We discuss applications for group coordination (especially across time zones) plus opportunities for future research. In light of the popularity of instant messaging, this research identifies some of the benefits and privacy risks associated with the uses of online presence and awareness information.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 6, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 67
Author: Begole, J.B.; Tang, J.C.; Hill, R.
Year of Conference: 2003
Title: Rhythm modeling, visualizations and applications
Conference Name: UIST: Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Softaware and Technology
Pages: 11-20
Date: 2003///
Keywords: Awareness
CMC
Context-aware computing
CSCW
Instant messaging
Rhythms
User modeling
Visualization
Abstract: People use their awareness of others' temporal patterns to plan work activities and communication. This paper presents algorithms for programatically detecting and modeling temporal patterns from a record of online presence data. We describe analytic and end-user visualizations of rhythmic patterns and the tradeoffs between them. We conducted a design study that explored the accuracy of the derived rhythm models compared to user perceptions, user preference among the visualization alternatives, and users' privacy preferences. We also present a prototype application based on the rhythm model that detects when a person is "away" for an extended period and predicts their return. We discuss the implications of this technology on the design of computer-mediated communication.
Notes: TY - CONF
Cited By: 4, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Manuscript
Record Number: 197
Author: Benfield, Greg
Year: 2000
Title: Teaching on the Web — Exploring the Meanings of Silence
Collection Title ultiBASE
URL: http://ultibase.rmit.edu.au/Articles/online/benfield1.pdf


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 26
Author: Bergus, G.R.; Sinift, S.D.; Randall, C.S.; Rosenthal, D.M.
Year: 1998
Title: Use of an E-mail curbside consultation service by family physicians
Journal: Journal of Family Practice
Volume: 47
Issue: 5
Pages: 357-360
Date: 1998///
Keywords: Computer networks
Consultation
Electronic mail
Family practice
Abstract: BACKGROUND. Informal (curbside) consultations are central to clinical medicine. Typically, these exchanges between health professionals occur face- to-face or by telephone, but both of these methods can be inefficient. We created an electronic mail (E-mail) service for curbside consultations between family physicians and other health care specialists at an academic medical center. METHODS. Family physicians had access to the E-mail Consult Service (ECS) from 20 computers at three office practice sites, one hospital, and their personal offices. Informal consults could be obtained from 26 different consultants at the University of Iowa using standard E-mail. Data on the content of the consults and the use of this service were collected and both family physicians and consultants were questioned about their perceptions of the service. RESULTS. In the 18 months that the service was available, the ECS handled 237 consults. The median response time for a consult by using the service was 16.1 hours. Consultations in the area of adult medicine were the most common, followed by consults in obstetrics and gynecology. Nearly 90% of the consults were about a specific patient, and the majority of the questions were about management issues. Consultants answered 92% of the questions asked by family physicians using the ECS. Family physicians reported that this service was helpful, and most consultants reported that they enjoyed E-mail curbside consults. CONCLUSIONS. E-mail was successfully used for curbside consults. Both the family physicians and consultants found that an E-mail consultation service could be integrated into their practices.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 20, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Newspaper Article
Record Number: 202
Reporter: Berman, Dennis K
Year: 2003
Title: Online Laundry: Government Posts Enron's E-Mail --- Amid Power-Market Minutiae, Many Personal Notes Remain
Newspaper: The Wall Street Journal
City: New York
Pages: A1
Issue Date: 6 October
Abstract: Like so many office workers, people at Enron Corporation made company email an extension of their personal lives. They used it for romance, they used it to complain, they used it to arrange funerals. Now, because of an investigation of the fallen energy company, a lot of those private exchanges are on the Internet for all to see. A little browsing and up pops a piece of email from an Enron employee complaining about a mother-in-law: "the most selfish person on Earth." Another contains decades-old photos of former chief executive Jeffrey K Skilling, sent him by his Beta Theta Pi fraternity brothers. A piece of email written by a woman in Portland, Oregon, asks an Enron energy trader, "So ... you were looking for a one night stand after all...?"


Reference Type: Book Section
Record Number: 196
Author: Boll, H
Year: 1986
Title: Murke's Collected Silences
Book Title: The Stories of Heinrich Boll
City: London
Publisher: Secker & Warburg
Notes: Translated by Leila Vennewitz


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 347
Author: Boneva, B.; Kraut, R.; Frohlich, D.
Year: 2001
Title: Using e-mail for personal relationships: The difference gender makes
Journal: American Behavioral Scientist
Issue: 3
Pages: 530-549
Date: 2001///
Abstract: Do the gender differences found when men and women maintain personal relationships in person and on the phone also emerge when they use electronic mail? Alternately, does e-mail change these ways of interacting? The authors explore the types of relationships women and men maintain by e-mail, differences in their e-mail use locally and at a distance, and differences in the contents of messages they send. The findings are based on qualitative and quantitative data collected during a 4-year period. These data suggest that using e-mail to communicate with relatives and friends replicates preexisting gender differences. Compared to men, women find e-mail contact with friends and family more gratifying. Women are more likely than men to maintain kin relationships by e-mail. They are more likely than men to use e-mail to keep in touch with people who live far away. Women's messages sent to people far away are more filled with personal content and are more likely to be exchanged in intense burst. The fit between women's expressive styles and the features of e-mail seems to be making it especially easy for women to expand their distant social networks.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 17, Export Date: 19 March 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 208
Author: Bos, N.; Olson, J.; Gergle, D.; Olson, G.; Wright, Z.
Year of Conference: 2002
Title: Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development
Conference Name: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings
Volume: 4
Pages: 135-140
Date: 2002///
Keywords: Communication
Media
Social dilemmas
Trust
Abstract: When virtual teams need to establish trust at a distance, it is advantageous for them to use rich media to communicate. We studied the emergence of trust in a social dilemma game in four different communication situations: face-to-face, video, audio, and text chat. All three of the richer conditions were significant improvements over text chat. Video and audio conferencing groups were nearly as good as face-to-face, but both did show some evidence of what we term delayed trust (slower progress toward full cooperation) and fragile trust (vulnerability to opportunistic behavior).
Notes: TY - CONF
Cited By: 6, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Manuscript
Record Number: 191
Author: Bosch, L ten; Oostdijk, N; Ruiter, J P de
Year: 2006
Title: Turn-taking in social talk dialogues: temporal, formal and functional aspects
Abstract: This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the
turn-taking mechanism evidenced in 93 telephone
dialogues that were taken from the 9-million-word
Spoken Dutch Corpus. While the first part of the paper
focuses on the temporal phenomena of turn taking, such
as durations of pauses and overlaps of turns in the
dialogues, the second part explores the discoursefunctional
aspects of utterances in a subset of 8
dialogues that were annotated especially for this
purpose. The results show that speakers adapt their turntaking
behaviour to the interlocutor’s behaviour.
Furthermore, the results indicate that male-male dialogs
show a higher proportion of overlapping turns than
female-female dialogues.
URL: http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/comic/documents/publications/SPECOM_2004_tenBosch.pdf


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 203
Author: Bosnjak, M.; Wittmann, W.W.; Tuten, T.L.
Year: 2005
Title: Unit (non)response in Web-based access panel surveys: An extended planned-behavior approach
Journal: Psychology and Marketing
Volume: 22
Issue: 6
Pages: 489-505
Date: 2005///
Abstract: The decision process when requested to participate in a Web survey is understood most appropriately by applying a psychological theory of human action. Consequently, this study utilized an extended version of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to predict and explain the number of participations in a five-wave Web-based panel study. Based on this model, the determinants of unit nonresponse in Web-based surveys are one's attitude toward participating in Web surveys, internalized social pressure, perceived behavioral control, and extent of moral obligation toward participating. The results indicate a satisfactory predictive power of the model. Perceived behavioral control and attitude toward participation predict the intention to participate best, followed by internalized social pressure and moral obligation. The theoretical perspective pursued proved to be valuable in terms of its predictive and explanative power as well as its practical value for Web-based survey research. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 0, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 216
Author: Bowers, John; Pycock, James; O'Brien, Jon
Year of Conference: 1996
Title: Talk and embodiment in collaborative virtual environments
Conference Name: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings
Pages: 58-65
Date: 1996///
Abstract: This paper presents some qualitative, interpretative analyses of social interaction in an internationally distributed, real-time, multi-party meeting held within a collaborative virtual environment (CVE). The analyses reveal some systematic problems with turn taking and participation in such environments. We also examine how the simple polygonal shapes by means of which users were represented and embodied in the environment are deployed in social interaction. Strikingly, some familiar coordinations of body movement are observed even though such embodiments are very minimal shapes. The paper concludes with some suggestions for technical development, derived from the empirical analyses, which might enhance interactivity in virtual worlds for collaboration and cooperative work.
Notes: TY - CONF
Cited By: 6, Export Date: 13 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 189
Author: Brady, P T
Year: 1965
Title: The Technique for Investigating On-Off Patterns of Speech
Journal: The Bell Systems Technical Journal
Volume: 44
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-22


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 190
Author: Brady, P.T.
Year: 1965
Title: A Statistical Basis for Objective Measurement of Speech Levels
Journal: The Bell Systems Technical Journal
Issue: September
Pages: 1453-1486


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 200
Author: Brady, P. T.
Year: 1968
Title: A Statistical Analysis of on-Off Patterns in 16 Conversations
Journal: Bell System Technical Journal
Volume: 47
Issue: 1
Pages: 73-+
Accession Number: ISI:A1968A648300004
URL: <Go to ISI>://A1968A648300004


Reference Type: Electronic Source
Record Number: 194
Author: Brake, Davi
Year: 2006
Title: Dealing with e-mail
Access Year: 2006
Access Date: Feb 13, 2006
Abstract: Welcome to this web supplement to my pocket size Dorling Kindersley book, Dealing with E-mail - part of the Essential Managers series. Here I have provided additional information and web links about all aspects of e-mail use in an organization. I hope you find this collection useful - please let me know if you have any comments or you've run across anything useful I should be including.

This guide follows the structure of the book:

Taking Control gives an overview of how e-mail works and discusses practices that help you maximise the benefits of e-mail use.

Managing E-mail provides practical tips to use e-mail more efficiently, including how to organize incoming e-mail, how to keep track of e-mail addresses, and ways to tackle spam and e-mail-borne viruses.

Netiquette gives guidance about how to write e-mail that is effective and easy to read and understand. It also discusses common e-mail pitfalls and gives guidelines about how to use e-mail marketing sensitively.

E-mail Policy outlines some of the legal and organizational issues that may arise through inappropriate e-mail use - sexual harassment or breach of confidentiality for example - and outlines how to institute and maintain suitable policies and practices to minimise these problems.
URL: http://www.well.com/user/derb/dealingwithemail/


Reference Type: Book Section
Record Number: 258
Author: Brennan, Susan E.
Year: 1998
Title: The Grounding Problem in Conversations With and Through Computers
Editor: Fussell, S. R.; Kreuz, R. J.
Book Title: Social and cognitive psychological approaches to interpersonal communication
City: Hillsdale, NJ
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Pages: 201-225


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 261
Author: Brennan, Susan E.; Brennan, Susan E.
Year of Conference: 1999
Title: Why do Electronic Conversations Seem Less Polite? The Costs and Benefits of Hedging
Conference Name: International Joint Conference on Work Activities, Coordination, and Collaboration
Conference Location: San Francisco, CA
Publisher: WACC
Pages: 227-235
Abstract: Electronic conversations often seem less polite than spoken
conversations. The usual explanation for this is that people
who are not physically copresent become depersonalized
and less inhibited by social norms. While this explanation
is intuitively appealing, we consider another possibility,
based on the costs of producing "polite" utterances when
speaking versus when typing. We examined a corpus of
conversations generated by 26 three-person groups who
interacted either face-to-face or electronically to do a
collaborative memory task. We coded hedges (which mark
an utterance as provisional) and questions (which display
doubt or invite input from others), as people presented their
own recollections, accepted, modified, or rejected those of
others, and tried to reach consensus. Both of these devices
are associated with politeness. For most people, hedging is
more difficult when typing than when speaking because
additional words are required, while marking an utterance
as a question is equally easy in both media. The two
groups made somewhat different use of these devices: Faceto-
face groups hedged more than electronic groups, but both
groups used questions just as often. We discuss how these
and other differences emerge from the costs and affordances
of communication media.
URL: http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/sbrennan-/papers/brenwacc.pdf


Reference Type: Book Section
Record Number: 259
Author: Brennan, S E; Lockridge, C B
Year: 2006
Title: Computer-Mediated Communication: A Cognitive Science Approach
Editor: Brown, K
Book Title: Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition
City: Oxford, UK
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Abstract: In successful communication, two people converge on the belief that they are talking about the same thing. Now that
much communication takes place over electronic media that bridge time and space, many activities formerly
conducted face-to-face are no longer so. We present a theoretical framework for conceptualizing conversation as a
collaborative activity, that of ‘grounding’ (Clark and Brennan, 1991). This framework is consistent with experimental
and descriptive findings about mediated communication, particularly for task-oriented dialogues, and is useful for
explaining and predicting how a medium shapes communication
URL: http://www.psychology.stonybrook.edu/sbrennan-/papers/BL_ELL2.pdf


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 195
Author: Bruneau, TJ
Year: 1973
Title: Communicative Silences: Forms and Functions
Journal: The Journal of Communication
Volume: 23
Pages: 17-46
Abstract: The nature of silence is discussed as an imposition of mind, as an interdependent signification ground for speech signs, as a relationship to mental time (as opposed to artificial time), and as it relates to sensation, perception and metaphorical movement.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 65
Author: Buckley, K.E.; Winkel, R.E.; Leary, M.R.
Year: 2004
Title: Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation
Journal: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Pages: 14-28
Date: 2004///
Abstract: Two experiments examined the effects of various levels and sequences of acceptance and rejection on emotion, ratings of self and others, and behavior. In Experiment 1, participants who differed in agreeableness received one of five levels of acceptance or rejection feedback, believing that they either would or would not interact with the person who accepted or rejected them. In Experiment 2, participants who differed in rejection sensitivity received one of four patterns of feedback over time, reflecting constant acceptance, increasing acceptance, increasing rejection, or constant rejection. In both studies, rejection elicited greater anger, sadness, and hurt feelings than acceptance, as well as an increased tendency to aggress toward the rejector. In general, more extreme rejection did not lead to stronger reactions than mild rejection, but increasing rejection evoked more negative reactions than constant rejection. Agreeableness and rejection-sensitivity scores predicted participants' responses but did not moderate the effects of interpersonal acceptance and rejection. © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
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Cited By: 3, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 284
Author: Burgess, A.; Jackson, T.; Edwards, J.
Year: 2005
Title: Email training significantly reduces email defects
Journal: International Journal of Information Management
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-83
Date: 2005///
Keywords: Electronic communication
Email
Employee productivity
Employee training
Abstract: Organisations are now becoming aware of the problems associated with email use and are keen to reduce these defects. These email defects relate to the ineffective way that email is used within organisations, and are not only limited to the volume of email that is sent and received, but also the quality of the email content. Email defects lead to inefficiencies within the workplace as employees spend more time dealing with email rather than doing other aspects of their job. This paper firstly examines how email is used within a large organisation and highlights the defects associated with email. The initial results show that these defects affect some groups of employees more than others. The paper also reports on the effectiveness of email training in reducing the defects associated with email use. The results show that some of these defects are related and that training can significantly reduce some of the email defects and improve the way people write emails. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 1, Export Date: 20 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Book
Record Number: 238
Author: Cameron, Deborah
Year: 2001
Title: Working with Spoken Discourse
City: London
Publisher: Sage Publications
Number of Pages: 216
Abstract: Working with Spoken Discourse provides a comprehensive account of the expanding multidisciplinary field of discourse analysis. Combining theory and practice it covers a wide range of material in a lively and accessible style. It discusses current approaches, concepts and debates in the field of spoken discourse and provides a grounding in the practical techniques of discourse analysis and how to apply them to real data. Working with Spoken Discourse is divided into three sections. The first section covers general issues - the definition of "discourse" and uses of discourse analysis, the second section covers a series of approaches to discourse analysis and the final section focuses on the applications of discourse analysis in social research and designing and writing up projects.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 242
Author: Cappella, J N
Year: 1979
Title: Talk-silence Sequences in Informal Conversations I
Journal: Human Communication Research
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-17


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 243
Author: Cappella, J N; Planalp, S
Year: 1981
Title: Talk and silence sequences in informal conversations III: Interspeaker influence
Journal: Human Communication Research
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 117-132


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 9
Author: Car, J.; Sheikh, A.
Year: 2004
Title: Email consultations in health care: 2 - Acceptability and safe application
Journal: British Medical Journal
Volume: 329
Issue: 7463
Pages: 439-442
Date: 2004///
Abstract: Electronic communication promises to revolutionise the delivery of health care. In the second of two articles considering the potential for email consultations, Car and Sheikh summarise the evidence about public and professional attitudes to them and discuss how to ensure their safe use.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 3, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 114
Author: Cech, C.G.; Condon, S.L.
Year of Conference: 2004
Title: Temporal properties of turn-taking and turn-packaging in synchronous computer-mediated communication
Conference Name: Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Volume: 37
Pages: 1703-1712
Date: 2004///
Abstract: Turn structure and timing are examined in a variety of quasi-synchronous computer-mediated interfaces. The message window size, presence of scrolling, a single message window vs. message windows for each participant, and message persistence were systematically varied for pairs of interlocutors engaged in the same decision-making task. Participants produced more total words and more turns in conditions with larger windows and in those with scrolling, while separate windows conditioned even larger increases on these measures. Turn sizes were smaller in the latter conditions and response times were faster. In the persistent separate-window conditions, messages from the partner intervened before participants completed responses in over half of the messages.
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Cited By: 0, Export Date: 4 December 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 239
Author: Chapanond, Anurat; Krishnamoorthy, Mukkai; Yener, Bülent
Year: 2005
Title: Graph Theoretic and Spectral Analysis of Enron Email Data
Journal: Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 265-281
Date: 2005/10//
Abstract: Analysis of social networks to identify communities and model their evolution has been an active area of recent research. This paper analyzes the Enron email data set to discover structures within the organization. The analysis is based on constructing an email graph and studying its properties with both graph theoretical and spectral analysis techniques. The graph theoretical analysis includes the computation of several graph metrics such as degree distribution, average distance ratio, clustering coefficient and compactness over the email graph. The spectral analysis shows that the email adjacency matrix has a rank-2 approximation. It is shown that preprocessing of data has significant impact on the results, thus a standard form is needed for establishing a benchmark data.
Notes: TY - JOUR
URL: http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10588-005-5381-4


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 245
Author: Chenault, Brittney G
Year: 1998
Title: Developing personal and emotional relationships via computer-mediated communication
Journal: CMC Magazine
Issue: May
Pages: ?????


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 246
Author: Chou, C. Candace
Year of Conference: 2002
Title: A Comparative Content Analysis of Student Interaction in Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning Networks
Conference Name: 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Conference Location: Hawaii
Publisher: IEEE
Abstract: Interaction plays an important role to the success of
distance learning. As most distance learning
environments utilize mainly asynchronous Computer-
Mediated Communication (CMC) systems, interaction
research that focuses on synchronous CMC is largely
ignored. This study scrutinize the patterns of learnerlearner
interaction in a distance-learning environment.
Student interactions in synchronous and asynchronous
CMC systems were both compared. Results of the
research suggest that constructivist-based instructional
activities, such as student-moderated discussion and
small group cooperative learning, are conducive to
interaction. Overall, a higher percentage of socialemotional
interactions occurred in synchronous mode
than occur in asynchronous mode. Students spent more
time in task-oriented interaction in asynchronous
discussions than in synchronous mode. In moderating
online seminars, student moderators that followed the
guideline of Student-Centered Discussions (SCD) could
encourage full participation of online seminar.
Recommendations on the design of instructional
activities and interactive interfaces were also made for
the improvement of distance-learning environments.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 89
Author: Cobanoglu, C.; Warde, B.; Moreo, P.J.
Year: 2001
Title: A comparison of mail, fax and web-based survey methods
Journal: International Journal of Market Research
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 441-452
Date: 2001///
Abstract: This study compares mail, fax and web-based surveys in a university setting for response speed, response rate and costs. The survey was distributed to 300 hospitality professors randomly chosen from the Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education members listed in the organisation's online directory as of April 2000. It was found that the fastest method was fax, with an average of 4.0 days to respond, followed by web surveys with 5.97 days. The slowest method, as expected, was mail surveys, with 16.46 days to respond. On average, the response rate was 28.91%: 26.27% for mail, 17.0% for fax, and 44.21% for web surveys. An LSD-type z-test shows significant differences between mail and email/web and between fax and email/web, but no significant difference between mail and fax. In addition, data were analysed for data consistency and cost.
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Cited By: 16, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 7
Author: Cook, C.; Heath, F.; Thompson, R.L.
Year: 2000
Title: A meta-analysis of response rates in Web- or internet-based surveys
Journal: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Volume: 60
Issue: 6
Pages: 821-836
Date: 2000///
Abstract: Response representativeness is more important than response rate in survey research. However, response rate is important if it bears on representativeness. The present meta-analysis explores factors associated with higher response rates in electronic surveys reported in both published and unpublishec research. The number of contacts, personalized contacts, and precontacts are the factors most associated with higher response rates in the Web studies that are analyzed.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 36, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 248
Author: Couchman, G.R.; Forjuoh, S.N.; Rascoe, T.G.; Reis, M.D.; Walsum, K.L.V.; Koehler, B.
Year: 2005
Title: E-mail communications in primary care: What are patients' expectations for specific test results?
Journal: International Journal of Medical Informatics
Volume: 74
Issue: 1
Pages: 21-30
Date: 2005///
Keywords: Computer communication networks
E-mail
Family physicians
Internists
Patient-provider communication
Primary care
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to assess patients' willingness to use e-mail to obtain specific test results, assess their expectations regarding response times, and identify any demographic trends. A cross-sectional survey of primary care patients was conducted in 19 clinics of a large multi-specialty group practice associated with an 186,000-member Health Maintenance Organization. The outcome measures were proportion of patients with current e-mail access, their willingness to use it for selected general clinical services and to obtain specific test results, and their expectations of timeliness of response. The majority of patients (58.3%) reported having current e-mail access and indicated strong willingness to use it for communication. However, only 5.8% reported having ever used it to communicate with their physician. Patients were most willing to use e-mail to obtain cholesterol and blood sugar test results, but less willing to use it to obtain brain CT scan results. Patients' expectations of timeliness were generally very high, particularly for high-stakes tests such as brain CT scan. Significant differences of willingness and expectations were found by age group, education, and income. These findings indicate that most patients are willing to use e-mail to communicate with their primary care providers even for specific test results and that patients will hold providers to high standards of timeliness regarding response. The implication is that integration of e-mail communications into primary care ought to assure prompt and accurate patient access to a plethora of specific clinical services. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Cited By: 0, Export Date: 14 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 244
Author: Couper, Mick P.; Blair, Johnny; Triplett, Timothy
Year: 1999
Title: A Comparison of Mail and E-mail for a Survey of Employees
in U.S. Statistical Agencies
Journal: Journal of Official Statistics
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-56
Abstract: This article reports on the results of a study comparing e-mail and mail for a survey of
employees in several government statistical agencies in the U.S. As part of a larger study
of organizational climate, employees in ®ve agencies were randomly assigned to a mail or
e-mail mode of data collection. Comparable procedures were used for advance contact and
followup of subjects across modes. The article describes the procedures used to implement
the survey, and discusses the results of the mode experiment. Across all ®ve agencies, higher
response rates were obtained for mail (range of 68±76%) than for e-mail (range 37±63%).
Data quality (item missing data) was similar across the two modes. Higher-status employees
appeared more likely to respond to e-mail than to mail. Controlling for differences in the composition
of the samples due to nonresponse, e-mail respondents appeared to be more positive
in their responses to questions about climate and morale in their agencies.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 160
Author: Cramton, C.D.
Year: 2001
Title: The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration
Journal: Organization Science
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 346-371
Date: 2001///
Keywords: Attribution
Cognitive load
Computer-mediated communication
Dispersed collaboration'
Dispersed teams
Distributed work
Information exchange
Information sharing
Mutual knowledge
Proximity
Shared understanding
Systems dynamics
Virtual teams
Abstract: This paper proposes that maintaining "mutual knowledge" is a central problem of geographically dispersed collaboration and traces the consequences of failure to do so. It presents a model of these processes which is grounded in study of thirteen geographically dispersed teams. Five types of problems constituting failures of mutual knowledge are identified: failure to communicate and retain contextual information, unevenly distributed information, difficulty communicating and understanding the salience of information, differences in speed of access to information, and difficulty interpreting the meaning of silence. The frequency of occurrence and severity of each problem in the teams are analyzed. Attribution theory, the concept of cognitive load, and feedback dynamics are harnessed to explain how dispersed partners are likely to interpret failures of mutual knowledge and the consequences of these interpretations for the integrity of the effort. In particular, it is suggested that unrecognized differences in the situations, contexts, and constraints of dispersed collaborators constitute "hidden profiles" that can increase the likelihood of dispositional rather than situational attribution, with consequences for cohesion and learning. Moderators and accelerators of these dynamics are identified, and implications for both dispersed and collocated collaboration are discussed.
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Cited By: 51, Export Date: 4 December 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 184
Author: Culpeper, J.
Year: 1996
Title: Inferring character from texts: Attribution theory and foregrounding theory
Journal: Poetics
Volume: 23
Issue: 5
Pages: 335-361
Date: 1996///
Abstract: There is at present no theoretical framework that captures the processes involved in literary characterisation. In this paper, I focus on the issue of how and when people infer information about character from a text. Drawing upon work in social psychology, I assess and compare two attribution theories, both of which are designed to explain how we infer aspects of personality in real life situations. In particular, I highlight the apparent mutual incompatibility of these theories. In order to strengthen their theoretical position, I describe how these theories are analogous in particular ways with foregrounding theory, a theory which addresses issues to do with literary interpretation. In drawing this analogy, I demonstrate how the two attribution theories might be reconciled. Finally, I consider the operation of attribution theory in literary texts and demonstrate its power as a descriptive and explanatory framework. © 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 0, Export Date: 4 December 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 233
Author: Danchak, Michael M.; Walther, Joseph B.; Swan, Karen P.
Year of Conference: 2001
Title: 1Presence in Mediated Instruction: Bandwidth, Behavior, and Expectancy Violations
Conference Name: annual meeting on Asynchronous Learning Networks
Conference Location: Orlando, FL
Abstract: This paper proposes an integrated model of the development of social presence in mediated communication whereby the level of intimacy in a mediated interaction is a function of the bandwidth and immediacy behaviors. In such a model, the affective reactions of users should be a joint function of the degree to which the combined effects of bandwidth and immediacy violate equilibrium, with respect to the reward valence of the communicator(s) involved. The paper reports on preliminary research that supports an equilibrium model with respect to bandwidth and immediacy behaviors and proposes research that would investigate equilibrium taking into consideration reward valence as well.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2
Author: de Lusignan, S.; Braithwaite, D.; Emery, J.; Sutton, S.
Year: 2003
Title: Using the internet to conduct surveys of health professionals: A valid alternative?
Journal: Family Practice
Volume: 20
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-551
Date: 2003///
Keywords: Decision support
GPs
Health survey
Internet
Abstract: Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine whether Internet-based surveys of health professionals can provide a valid alternative to traditional survey methods. Methods. (i) Systematic review of published Internet-based surveys of health professionals focusing on criteria of external validity, specifically sample representativeness and response bias. (ii) Internet-based survey of GPs, exploring attitudes about using an Internet-based decision support system for the management of familial cancer. Results. The systematic review identified 17 Internet-based surveys of health professionals. Whilst most studies sampled from professional e-directories, some studies drew on unknown denominator populations by placing survey questionnaires on open web sites or electronic discussion groups. Twelve studies reported response rates, which ranged from nine to 94%. Sending follow-up reminders resulted in a substantial increase in response rates. In our own survey of GPs, a total of 268 GPs participated (adjusted response rate = 52.4%) after five e-mail reminders. A further 72 GPs responded to a brief telephone survey of non-respondents. Respondents to the Internet survey were more likely to be male and had significantly greater intentions to use Internet-based decision support than non-respondents. Conclusions. Internet-based surveys provide an attractive alternative to postal and telephone surveys of health professionals, but they raise important technical and methodological issues which should be carefully considered before widespread implementation. The major obstacle is external validity, and specifically how to obtain a representative sample and adequate response rate. Controlled access to a national list of NHSnet e-mail addresses of health professionals could provide a solution.
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Cited By: 7, Export Date: 20 November 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 255
Author: Denk, C.E.; Benson, J.M.; Fletcher, J.C.; Reigel, T.M.
Year: 1997
Title: How do Americans want to die? A factorial vignette survey of public attitudes about end-of-life medical decision-making
Journal: Social Science Research
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-120
Date: 1997///
Abstract: Public attitudes and values regarding medical decision-making in cases of catastrophic and terminal illness are notoriously hard to measure. In the summer of 1994, during the opening round of the national debate on health-care reform, we interviewed a representative sample of Virginians. Ten vignettes presented randomly assembled but plausible cases of terminal and catastrophic illness, varying along medical and social dimensions. Each vignette solicited the respondent's recommendation to continue or terminate expensive care with limited medical value. This randomized multivariate design minimizes maturation and question-order effects, efficiently samples the universe of potential vignettes, and allows analysis by vignette and respondent characteristics simultaneously. Major findings: Respondents exhibited a carefully graded sensitivity to what constituted appropriate and inappropriate medical treatments. Recommendations varied considerably according to medical prognosis and the presence of advance directives for health care. Other characteristics of vignettes and respondents had varying but lesser impacts on recommendations. © 1997 Academic Press.
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Cited By: 9, Export Date: 14 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 175
Author: Dennis, A.R.; Kinney, S.T.; Hung, Y.-T.C.
Year: 1999
Title: Gender differences in the effects of media richness
Journal: Small Group Research
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Pages: 405-437
Date: 1999///
Abstract: Media richness theory argues that performance improves when team members use "richer" media for equivocal tasks. Virtually all research on media richness theory has focused on perceptions: surveys of individuals' beliefs about media rather than investigating actual performance with richer versus leaner media. This experiment studied the effects of media richness on decision making in two-person teams (all male, all female, and mixed gender) using one form of "new media" (computer-mediated communication). Participants took longer to make decisions with computer-mediated communication. Matching richness to task equivocality only resulted in better performance for the all-female teams, likely because females are more sensitive to nonverbal communication and more affected by its absence in computer-mediated communication. For remaining teams, using richer face-to-face communication did not improve performance to a greater extent for more equivocal than less equivocal tasks. Results support media richness theory only for all-female teams.
Notes: TY - JOUR
Cited By: 19, Export Date: 4 December 05, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Conference Proceedings
Record Number: 254
Author: Dennis, Alan R.; Valacich, Joseph S.
Year of Conference: 1999
Title: Rethinking media richness: Towards a theory of media synchronicity
Conference Name: Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Pages: 12
Date: 1999///
Abstract: This paper describes a new theory called a theory of media synchronicity which proposes that a set of five media capabilities are important to group work, and that all tasks are composed of two fundamental communication processes (conveyance and convergence). Communication effectiveness is influenced by matching the media capabilities to the needs of the fundamental communication processes, not aggregate collections of these processes (i.e., tasks) as proposed by media richness theory. The theory also proposes that the relationships between communication processes and media capabilities will vary between established and newly formed groups, and will change over time.
Notes: TY - CONF
Cited By: 15, Export Date: 14 February 06, Source: Scopus


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 241
Author: Diesner, Jana; Frantz, Terrill; Carley, Kathleen
Year: 2005
Title: Communication Networks from the Enron Email Corpus “It's Always About the People. Enron is no Differentâ€ﾝ
Journal: Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 201-228
Date: 2005/10//
Abstract: The Enron email corpus is appealing to researchers because it represents a rich temporal record of internal communication within a large, real-world organization facing a severe and survival-threatening crisis. We describe how we enhanced the original corpus database and present findings from our investigation undertaken with a social network analytic perspective. We explore the dynamics of the structure and properties of the organizational communication network, as well as the characteristics and patterns of communicative behavior of the employees from different organizational levels. We found that during the crisis period, communication among employees became more diverse with respect to established contacts and formal roles. Also during the crisis period, previously disconnected employees began to engage in mutual communication, so that interpersonal communication was intensified and spread through the network, bypassing formal chains of communication. The findings of this study provide valuable insight into a real-world organizational crisis, which may be further used for validating or developing theories and dynamic models of organizational crises; thereby leading to a better understanding of the underlying causes of, and response to, organization failure.
Notes: TY - JOUR
URL: http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1007/s10588-005-5377-0


Reference Type: Manuscript
Record Number: 237
Author: Dredze, Mark; Blitzer, John; Pereira, Fernando
Year: 2005
Title: Reply Expectation Prediction for Email Management
City: Philadelphia, PA
Abstract: We reduce email overload by addressing the
problem of waiting for a reply to one’s email.
We predict whether sent and received emails
necessitate a reply, enabling the user to both
better manage his inbox and to track mail
sent to others. We discuss the features used
to discriminate emails, show promising initial
results with a logistic regression model, and
outline future directions for this work.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 247
Author: Ducheneaut, N.; Watts, L.A.
Year: 2005
Title: In search of coherence: A review of e-mail research
Journal: Human-Computer Interaction
Volume: 20
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 11-48
Date: 2005///
Abstract: E-mail research encompasses a vast and diverse body of work that accumulated over the past 30 years. In this article, we take a critical look at the research literature and ask two simple questions: What is e-mail research? Can it help us reinvent e-mail? Rather than defining an overarching framework, we survey the literature and identify three metaphors that have guided e-mail research up to this day: e-mail as a file cabinet extending human information processing capabilities, e-mail as a production line and locus of work coordination, and, finally, e-mail as a communication genre supporting social and organizational processes. We propose this taxonomy so that designers of future e-mail systems can forge their own direction of research, with knowledge of other directions that have been explored in the past. As an illustration of the possible future work we want to encourage with this review, we conclude with a description of several guidelines for the reinvention of e-mail inspired by our journey through the literatur